Preventive measures refer to actions taken to avoid or reduce the likelihood of a negative event or outcome. In research, preventive measures are strategies, interventions, or practices implemented to prevent the onset or progression of a particular health condition, disease, or problem. These measures can include lifestyle changes, vaccinations, screenings, early detection programs, environmental modifications, education campaigns, and policy initiatives. By focusing on prevention, researchers aim to reduce the burden of disease and improve overall public health outcomes.